Thymosin Alpha-1 Research

Sources · Cited in full

Thymosin Alpha-1 References

Every study summarized on this site, with DOIs and PubMed links so you can read the primary source yourself.

About these sources

Every quantitative claim in this Thymosin Alpha-1 digest maps to one of the numbered sources below — peer-reviewed journals (BMJ, Blood, Critical Care, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Frontiers in Oncology, Vaccine, and others), PubMed-indexed trials and reviews, and Cochrane systematic-review work. Where a setting carries conflicting evidence (sepsis, COVID-19), the conflicting sources are cited together so the reader can weigh them. Sort by year or setting and follow the DOI or PubMed link to the primary record.

  1. Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(2):725-729. ↗
  2. Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. ↗
  3. Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e082583. ↗
  4. Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020;9(5):67-78. ↗
  5. Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274. ↗
  6. Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2150-2157. ↗
  7. Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. ↗
  8. Garaci E, Perno CF, et al. A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 in augmenting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38 Suppl 2:S141-S143. ↗
  9. Perruccio K, Bonifazi P, Topini F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 to harness immunity to pathogens after haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:153-161. ↗
  10. Garaci E, Rocchi G, Perroni L, et al. Combination treatment with zidovudine, thymosin alpha 1 and interferon-alpha in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1994;24(1):23-28. ↗
  11. Carraro G, Naso A, Montomoli E, et al. Thymosin-alpha 1 (Zadaxin) enhances the immunogenicity of an adjuvated pandemic H1N1v influenza vaccine (Focetria) in hemodialyzed patients: a pilot study. Vaccine. 2012;30(6):1170-1180. ↗
  12. Yang YF, Zhao W, Zhong YD, et al. Treatment with lamivudine versus lamivudine and thymosin alpha-1 for e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients: a meta-analysis. Virol J. 2009;6:63. ↗
  13. Htet NH, Naing C, Vongpunsawad S, Win TT, Poovorawan Y. Thymosin-alpha-1 for people with chronic hepatitis B. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;(3):CD014610. ↗
  14. Ricci D, Etna MP, Severa M, et al. Novel evidence of Thymosin α1 immunomodulatory properties in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Effect on innate inflammatory response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;117:109996. ↗
  15. Chen C, Wang J, Xun J, et al. Role of thymosin alpha1 in restoring immune response in immunological nonresponders living with HIV. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):78. ↗
  16. Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Serum thymosin α1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. ↗
  17. Dinetz E, Lee R. Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024;30(1):6-12. ↗